Habowyow, Yaa/Maxaa ku haga? [Qormada 7aad]
Dr Cumar Cabdi Barre
Habowyow, Yaa/Maxaa ku haga? [Qormada 7aad]
Qormadii 6aad, guud ahaan, waxaan uga hadlay, sidee loo heli karaa dowlad ay hoggaamiyaan dad leh karti adeeg qaran daacadna ah? Qoraalkaa waxaan kaloo kaga faallooday, muxuu u baahanyahay, qofka raba in uu noqdo adeege qaran, sida idmasho kalsooni dadweyne, fagaare ku tartan, garsoor iilasho ka xor ah, hay’ado hubiya garsoorka caddaaladdiisa, tillaabaqaad kasta oo shariciga loo maro iyo sarreeynta sharciga oo loo wada simanyahay.
Isla qormadaa 6aad, waxaan kaloo uga hadlay: Heereeynta, awoodda, meeleeynta, gooreeynta, xooleeynta iyo ku-duldhiska sharciga xil adeeg kasta oo qaran loo qabanayo. Waxaan iyana tilmaan ka bixiyey, waxyaalaha ay tahay in ay yeeshaan mudnaanta wax walba ka hormaridaa ah.
Sidoo kale, waxaa qoraalka qormada 6aad ka mid ahaa, xusid ilduufiddii shacabkii soo halgamay iyo xorriyadda kaddib khaladaadkii dhacay. Sida hungowgii dadweynuhu ku hungoobey filashadiisii xorriyadda kaddib, iyo wixii ka dhashay fashilkaas, sida isbeddelkii ku dhacay hab-dhaqan siyaasadeedkii dalka afgembigii ciidammada kaddib.
Qoraalkaas waxaan ku xusay, culaysyadii gude iyo dibedba[1] lahaa ee la soo gudboonaaday Jamhuriyaddii Soomaaliya 1960-1969 iyo shacabka Soomaaliyaba. Sidoo kale, waxaan ku soo bandhigay 7 waa iyo 7 hab dhaqan siyaasadeed ee ay soo martay dowladnimada Soomaaliya.
Hadda waxaan u gudbayaa qormada 7aad, waxaana ku eegi doonaa waagii 1aad (1960-1969) iyo hab-dhaqan siyaasadeedkiisii oo ku suntanaa xisbiyo badan iyo codeeyn dadweyne. Madaxweyne iyo mudanayaal shacabku soo doorto, fagaare-ku-tartan, ururro bulsho oo ku wada saleeysnaa dastuur dadweynaha afti looga qaaday. Waxayna taariikhdu diiwaan gelisey:
Shan Codeeyn iyo hal afti dadweyne oo ka qabsoomay Jamhuriyaddii Soomaaliya. Waxaa xusid mudan in codeeynta qaybo ka mid ahi ka horreeyeen, waaga aannu qoraalkaan kaga hadlaynno.
1956 koofur Soomaaliya (Italian Trustship Territory), waxaa loo codeeyey gole sharci-dejin. Waxaa tartamay xisbiyadii kala ahaa:
- Somali Youth League (SYL);
- Hizbia Dastur Mustaqbal Somali (HDMS);
- Marehan Union (MU);
- Others
Only Available valid votes 614,909
| Party | Number of votes | % of votes | Number of seats (60)* | Year | |
| 1 | Somali Youth League (SYL) | 33.3820 | 54.29% | 43 | 1956 |
| 2 | Hizbia Dastur Mustaqbal Somali (HDMS) | 159.967 | 26.01% | 13 | 1956 |
| 3 | Somali Democratic Movement (SDM) | 80.866 | 13.15% | 3 | 1956 |
| 4 | Marehan Union (MU) | 11.358 | 1.85% | 1 | 1956 |
| 5 | Others | 28.898 | 4.70% | – | 1956 |
| Total | 5 | 614.909 | 100 | 50+10 = 60 | 1956 |
*An additional ten seats were reserved for Indians, Arabs, and other non-Somalis.
Source: http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html#1956_Legislative_Assembly_Election access 29/8/2017, 19:09
Mar kale, 8/3/1959 Koofurta Soomaaliya, (Italian Trustship Territory) waxaa tartamay xisbiyadii:
- Somali Youth League (SYL);
- Somali Independent Party (SIP);
- Liberal Party (LP).
Waxaana loogu codeeyey sida ku qoran shaxdan:
Only available valid votes 313,760
| Magaca Xisbiga | Votes | % of votes | Seats | + – | Year |
| SYL | 237,134 | 75,58 | 83 | +40 | 1959 |
| SIP | 40,587 | 13,0 | 5 | New | 1959 |
| LP | 35,769 | 11,4 | 2 | New | 1959 |
| Total | 313,760 | 100 | 90 | +20 | 1959 |
Source: http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html#1956_Legislative_Assembly_Election, access 29/8/2017, 18:39.
Labada Shax ee kor ku qoran waxaad ka arki kartaa, kalsooni siinta xisbiyadu siday ahayd. Cod heliddu waxay muujinaysaa, xisbiga heley kalsoonidii ugu badnayd ee codadka dadweynaha xorriyadda ka hor.
17/2/1960 (British Somaliland) dhanka Waqooyi Galbeed Soomaaliya, waxaa ka qabsoomay codeeyn gole sharci dejin (British Somaliland Legislative Council Election), waxaa tartamay xisbiyadii Gobollada Waqooyiga ka jirey.
Haddii aan in yar qodobkan ku hakado idinna xusuusiyo: waxaa jira xaalad abuur uu xil-doon hindisay oo faafiyeyna, laakiin hadda laga dhigey “caddeeyn muujinaysa caddaaladdarradii koofurtu ku sameeysey Waqooyiga Soomaaliya”.
Dadkaasi waxay faafiyaan, in soo ifbaxa “Somaliland-ta cusubi ay ka dhalatay, caddaaladdarradii koofurta Soomaaliya (Italian Somaliland) ku sameeysay Waqooyiga Soomaaliya (British Protectorate[2])”. Arrintani kama badna awr-ku-kacsi danaysi gaar ahaaneed. Sababtoo ah:
Labada Gobol Koofur iyo Waqooyi maammuladii gumeysiga ee ka talinayay xorriyadda ka hor, waxay sameeyeen goleyaal sharci dejin ah.
Waqooyiga waxaa laga dhigey 33 kursi (seats); Koofurtana 90 kursi (seats) isku darkooduna 123 waana asalka ay ka soo jeeddo tirada golihii sharci-dejinta Jamhuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee 1960-1969kii.
Intaas waxa sii dheer, tirada sharci-dejinta Soomaaliyadii 1960-1969 ee (90+33)=123, waxaa unkay maammulladii gumeysiga ee isku farasaaray dagaal weynihi 2aad ee adduunka. Soomaaliya: Waqooyi iyo Koofur midna kama jirin maammul xor ah, mana mideeysnayn. Tiraduna waxay ahayd wax laga dhaxlay (British Somaliland & Italian Trust Territory administrations).
Maammuladii gumeysiga iyo kuwii daakhiliga la oran jirey, markay sameeynayeen golaha sharci-dejinta Koofur iyo Waqooyiba, waxay u egtahay, in ay u cuskadeen baaxadda dhulka iyo tirada dadka ku noolaa waagaas. Mana loogu daneeyneyn Waqooyi iyo Koofur midna[3].
Ma jirin, waxqaybsi Soomaalidu keligood ay awood qaybsadeen iyagoo Koofur iyo Waqooyi u awood qaybsanaya 1960-1969 iyo ka horba.
Si an isku xirnayn (separately) baana loo sameeyey 90 iyo 33 kaddib noqday 123 xubnood oo ahaa Golaha Sharci-dejinta Jamhuriyaddii Soomaaliya 1960-1969, afgembigii ciidammada ka hor.
Marka iima muuqato, sabab loo been fasiro[4] dhacdooyinkii tagay/saadufay ama loo noqdo “xogjir dadka iyo dalka kala firdhinaya” (extremist of dissolution of the Somalia’s territory and its people).
Aniga ilama ahan, in ay ahayd 90+30=123 kursi, shirqool, deegaan deegaan kale u maleegey, si uu u duudsiyo xaqa dad iyo deegaan kale, sida hadda ay u fasiraan kuwo ku-awr-kacsanaya arrinkaas.
Caddeeyn an la beennin karinnin waxay tahay, koofuri ma qaybin 33 kursi ee midowga ka hor ka jirey Gobollada Waqooyi. Shaxda hoos ku qoran, waxay muujinaysaa, xisbiyadii ka qayb galay doorashadaas iyo codeeyn kaddib, sidii kuraasta loo kala heley. Is-weyddiintu waxay tahay, maxaa keeney kala badsiga, ma badnaan deegaan ama dad mise caddaaladdarro? Hadday badnaan dad iyo degaan ahayd, wixii koofuri u yeelatay 90 kursi, Waqooyina 33 kursi, haddee caddaaladxumo ma dhicin, haddayse wax kale ahayd, maxaa lagu miisaamay 33 kursi ee Waqooyiga ee loo kala heley: 20; 12 iyo 1?
Only Available valid votes 81.366
| Party | Number of votes | % of votes/ | Number of Seats | Year |
| Somali National League (SNL) | 42.395 | 52.10 | 20 | 1960 |
| United Somali Party (USP) | 13.350 | 16.41 | 12 | 1960 |
| National Unit Front (NUF) | 20.294 | 24.89 | 1 | 1960 |
| Somali Youth League (SYL) | 4.626 | 5.69 | – | 1960 |
| Others | 746 | 0.96 | – | 1960 |
| Total | 81.368 | 100 | 33 | 1960 |
Source: http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html#1956_Legislative_Assembly_Election access 29/8/2017 20:32
Note: British Somaliland received its independence on June 26, 1960, and united with the former Italian trust territory of Somalia on July 1st 1960 to form the Somali Republic. The two legislative assemblies merged together forming the National Assembly of the Republic with 123 total seats.
Mar kale, haddii aan ku noqdo codeeyntii dadweynaha iyo sharciyeyntii sharciga sharciyada – Dastuurkii 20/6/1961 codeeyntiisii (Constitutional Referendum*), waxaad shaxda hoose ka arki kartaa, in dadka intooda badan u codeeyeen Haa, iyagoo muwaadiniin siman oo Soomaaliyeed wada ahaa.
Dastuurkaas ku dhaqankiisuna wuxu ahaa, sharci dadweynuhu jideeyey. Dastuurkaas ka bayrkiisuna, wuxuu ahaa billowgii maandayowgii dhalay dhabaqa soo taxnayd tan iyo1969-2017.
Constitutional Referendum:
Only available total votes 1,943,451
| Results | Number of votes | % of votes |
| Yes Votes | 1,760,540 | 90,59 % |
| No votes | 182,911 | 9.41 % |
*Source: http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html#1956_Legislative_Assembly_Election access 29/8/2017, 11:00
Booqasho kale waxaynnu ku tageynnaa 1964 Waagii doorashadii Golaha Sharci-dejinta Jamhuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee Rayidka ahayd. Dhacdadaas waxaynnu ka arki doonnaa sida xisbiyadii siyaasadda ee doorashadaas ka qaybgalay codadkana ka heley siday codadka u kala heleen.
Xogtaasina waxay noo sahlaysaa, in qiimeeynteenna iyo go’aankeenna aynnu ku duldhisno caadyaal (proof and facts in our own history).
30/3/1964 National Assembly Election (Total Valid Votes)
Only available Total valid Votes 914.069
| LT | Parties | Number of votes | % of votes | Number of seats (123) |
| 1 | Somali Youth League (SYL) | 472.296 | 51.67% | 69 |
| 2 | Somali National Congress (SNC) | 186.208 | 20.37% | 22 |
| 3 | Somali Democratic Union (SDU) | 59.77 | 10.47% | 15 |
| 4 | Somali Independent Constitutional Party (SCNP) (HDMS) | 80.173 | 8.77% | 9 |
| 5 | United Somali Party (USP) | 7.552 | 0.83% | 1 |
| 6 | Liberal Somali Youth party (LSYP) (PLGS) | 6.766 | 0.74% | 1 |
| 7 | Somali National League (SNL) | 4.354 | 0.48% | 1 |
| 8 | Somali African national Union (SANU) | 3.930 | 0.43% | 1 |
| 9 | Others | 57.083 | 6.24% | 4 |
| 914.069 | 914.069 | 123 |
Source: http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html#1956_Legislative_Assembly_Election Access 6/9/2017, 15:35
26 March 1969 (National Assembly Election*) waxaa taariikhdu weelaysay doorashadii golihii sharci-dejinta Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaliya. Waxaana hoos ku soo gubiyey, xisbiyadii ka qaybgalay doorashadaas siday codadka u kala heleen.
Registered Voters not Available
Total Voters (voters’ turnout) 879.554 N/A
Invalid/Blank Votes 97.320
Total Valid Votes 782.234
| LT | Party / Xisbi | Number of votes | % of votes | Number of seats (123) |
| 1 | Somali Youth League (SYL) | 260.046 | 33.24 | 73 |
| 2 | Somali National Congress (SNC) | 77.339 | 9.89% | 11 |
| 3 | Somali Independent Constitutional Party (HDMS) | 27.681 | 3.54% | 8 |
| 4 | Somali African national Union (SANU) | 42.006 | 5.37% | 6 |
| 5 | Liberal Somali Youth Party (LSYP(PLGS)) | 25.639 | 3.28% | 3 |
| 6 | Somali Democratic Union (SDU) | 46.064 | 5.89% | 2 |
| 7 | Popular Movement for democratic Action Party (PMDA) | 42.269 | 5.45% | 2 |
| 8 | Somali Socialist Party (PSS) | 31.058 | 3.97% | 2 |
| 9 | Somali People’s Movement Party (PMPS) | 8.531 | 1.09% | 2 |
| 10 | Revolutionary Socialist Worker’s Party (PRSO) | 16.742 | 2.14% | 1 |
| 10 | Somali National Solidarity Party (PSNS) | 12.269 | 1.57% | 1 |
| 11 | United Somali Party (USP) | 13.942 | 1.78% | – |
| 12 | Others | 178.288 | 22.79% | 12 |
Source: http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html#1956_Legislative_Assembly_Election Access 6/9/2017, 16:28
*Many candidates affiliated with a major party only long enough to use its symbol in the election campaign and, if elected, abandoned it for the winning side as soon as the National Assembly met. Thus, by the end of May 1969 the Somali Youth League (SYL) parliamentary cohort had swelled from 73 to 109. In addition, the eleven Somali National Congress (SNC) members had formed a coalition with the SYL, which held 120 of the 123 seats in the National Assembly.
Markaan xogta doorashooyinka an kor ku soo bandhigay, si dulmar ah, u fiiriyey, waxaa si fudud iigu bidhaantay, in xisbiyadii siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliya ka jiray 1954 -1969 ayna kalsoonida codbiyeyaasha kasbaneyn. Balse, waxay si joogta ah u luminayeen taageerayaashoodii u codayn jiray.
Aan qaadanno tusaale is-barbardhig sannadihii 1954,1959, 1960, 1964 iyo 1969 doorashooyinkii qabsoomay, sidii xisbiyada SYL iyo NSL*[5] oo ahaa xisbiyadii ugu taageerada badnaa waayihii halganka gobonnimoddoonka lagu jirey iyo xorriyaddii kaddibba.
Waxaa doorashooyinka aan kor ku qoray muujinayaan, sida xisbiyada SYL iyo SNL ayna dib u eeg dhiilaysan uga sameeyn, sii guriddii kalsoonidii taagerayaashoodii u codeeyn jirey.
Haddii xorriyadda ka hor, xisbiyada SYL iyo SNL loo taageeri jirey waddaniyad, daacadnimo, kalsooni, rajoqab in ay dalka iyo bulshada ku hoggaamin doonaan, sida dowgu ahaa, sharciguna noqon doono mid cid kasta ka sarreeya loona simanyahay, xorriyadda kaddib waxaa soo ifbaxay, waxaan jirin waagii xorriyaddoonka la ahaa sida: qabyaalad, eex, sharcigoon la xurmayn, maquunin, iyo cillado kale oo badnaa, sida ku danaysiga awoodda iyo hantida dowladda.
Xorriyaddii kaddib, farqigu ma yaraan, shaqada, daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo horumarinta bulshada, culaysyo waaweyn ayaa ka jirey. Qabyaaladdu waxay dhexgashay siyaasaddii iyo qabiilladii mideeysnaa waagii xorriyadda la doonaayey.
Waxaa billowday, dagaal siyaasadeed, dhaqaale iyo jago u dagaalan. Waxaa la sameeyey xisbiyo badan oo qabyaaladaysan, nuxurkooduna ahaa ku danaysi gaar ah.
Waxaa dalku galay dagaallo[6]: siyaasadeed, ciidan, dhaqaale, diblomaasiyadeed ee ka dhashay doonistii qaybihii Soomaaliyeed ee ku haray gacmaha gumeysigii[7] Faransiiska, Itoobiyaanka, Kiinyaanka iyo saaxiibbadood[8] sida UK[9].
Waxaa dhici jirey abaaro iyo colaado gudaha ah. Waxaa iyana jirey yaraan baahitirayaal (resources: human and none human) badan oo dowladda iyo dadweynahaba saameeyn ku lahaa. Waxaa jiray irdo xirnaan Soomaaliya haysatey oo ay sal u ahaayeen dhulalka iyo dadka soomaaliyeed oo ku harsananaa gacmaha: Faransiiska, Itoobiyaanka iyo Kiinyaanka. Taasina waxay dabar ku ahayd horumarka Soomaaliya, walina dabarkaasi waa jiraa, laakiin hadda waxa jira qodobkaan uga hadlimaynno.
Arrimahaas iyo kuwo kaleba, waxay sabab u noqon kareen, ka jeensashadii SYL iyo SNL taageerayaashoodii u codeeyn jirey kala noqdeen codeeyntoodii 1959 iyo 1960 kaddib.
Tusaale:
| Xisbigii SYL 1954 -1969 | Kursi (seat) | Xisbigii SNL 1960 – 1969 | Kursi (seat) |
| Voices % | Voices % | ||
| SYL 1956 54.29% | 43 | – | |
| SYL 1959 75.58% | 83 | SNL 1960 52.10% | 20 |
| SYL 1964 51.67% | 69 | SNL 1964 0.48% | 1 |
| SYL 1969 33.24% | 73 | SNL 1969 no data | Less 1 |
Inkastoo ay jireen arrimaha aan kor ku xusay iyo kuwo aannan qoraalkan kaga hadal, haddana, Waagii 1aad, wuxuu lahaa wax badan oo wanaagsan, kuwaasoo u kobcayay xawaare socodkii diinka lagu tilmaami karo[10].
Sida abuuriddii hay’ado dowladeed oo dhameeystirnaa, dastuur, mideeyn Waqooyi iyo Koofur Soomaaliya, halgan iyo mideeyn Soomaali weyn[11], hannaanka xisbiyada badan, doorasho[12] aqalka sharcidejinta iyo madaxweynaha, garsoor iskii u taagnaa, xisbiyo ururro bulsho, warfaafin madaxbannaan, caqiido mid ah, siyaasad dibadeed oo dalka loogu adeego, difaac qaran oo an gorgortan iyo tanaasul gelin[13]. Dhex-dhexaadnimo aan Nato iyo Warsow midna lala safan.
Soomaaliya waxay u babacdhigtay, xulafadii Itoobiya iyo Kiinya oo ay hoggaaminayeen laba hoggaamiye oo Afrika aad uga dambeeyn jirtey saameeyn weynna ku lahaa go’aan qaadashada Ururka Midowga Afrika [OAU] – President Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya iyo Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia[14] iyo taageerayaashoodii sida UK iyo France.
Sagaal jirsigii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya, waxaa taariikhdu weelaysay, in Soomaaliya ku tillaabsatay, guulo waaweyn. Gaar ahaan dhinacyada, Dimoqraadiyadda, isdifaaca, dhaqan siyaasadeedka caalamiga ah, fahamka wada noolaanshaha iyo kala danaysiga dalalka adduunka oo dhan[15].
Ilbaxnimadaasi waxay ka muuqataa raadadkii siyaasadeed ee JS iyo siday u dhistay xiriirradeedii shanta dal ee awoodda power of veto leh, (OAU), xulafadii loo yaqaanay 77 ama dalalka dhexdhexaadkaa iyo urur goboleedyada kale ee lahaa sameeynta, sida (European Economic Community (EEC)[16].
Haddaba haddii, Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya sidan kor ku qoray ay hanaqaad u ahayd, maxa keeney dilkii Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya 15/10/1969 iyo afgembigii Ciidammada Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliya ay sameeyeen 21/10/1969?
Su’aashaan waxaan ku faaqidi doonaa qormada siddeedaad, Eebbe Idankii.
Qore: Cumar Cabdi Barre
[1] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 20:00)
[2] http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/britishsomaliland.htm Access was 112/09/2017, 22:22
[3] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm (Access 5/10/1017, 15:40)
[4] By Ian Fishar: An Oasis of Peace in Somalia Seeks Freedom//New York Time November 26, 1999
[5]* NSL wuxuu ahaa xisbi guur guura mar wuxuu xulafo la ahaa xisbigii SDU marna xisbigii SNC.
[6] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm (Access 6/10/2017,19:00)
[7] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 20:10)
[8] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm (Access 6/10/2017,21:35)
[9] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 21:40)
[10] http://countrystudies.us/smalia/18.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 21:45)
[11] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 21:50
[12] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 21:55)
[13] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 22:00)
[14] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm (Access 6/10/2017, 22:25)
[15] http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm (Access 7/10/2017,20:00)
[16] Abdirizak Haji Hussein: My role in the foundation pf the Somali Nation-State, African World Press, London, 2017, pp. 211-250
